Journal: BMC veterinary research
Article Title: Scalable production of anti-inflammatory exosomes from three-dimensional cultures of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: production, stability, bioactivity, and safety assessment.
doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04517-1
Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1 Microcarrier-based 3D culture system for exosome production from cAD-MSCs. (A) Schematic representation of the culture process, including cell seeding, expansion, medium replacement, and exosome collection. (B) CLSM images showing live-dead staining of cAD-MSCs on PS microcarriers (blue) across different production phases. Green indicates live cells, red indicates dead cells, and blue represents PS microcarrier reflection. The scale bar repre sents 150 μm. (C) Boxplot of normalized calcein fluorescence intensity during culture phases, demonstrating significant viability changes. Mean values of each group were annotated at the bottom, and global statistics were stated at the top. The bars indicate pairwise comparisons (ns; no significance or p > 0.05, *; p ≤ 0.05). Abbreviation: AU; arbitrary unit, and CLSM; confocal laser scanning microscopy
Article Snippet: Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was conducted using an Eclipse Ti2 inverted microscope (Nikon, Japan) to observe cells on microcarriers with live-dead staining.
Techniques: Staining, Fluorescence, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy